Explain the difference between deterrence by denial and deterrence by punishment using cyber and nuclear examples.

• A. Denial in cyber focuses on punishment after an attack, not preventing it.
• B. Denial and punishment are the same concept in cyber and nuclear contexts.
• C. Denial in cyber aims to prevent success by hardening defenses and disrupting attackers; punishment threatens retaliation after an attack.
• D. Denial involves only economic measures, while punishment involves information operations.

Answer: (C)